This study compares various methods of estimating particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations and their associations with health effects, focusing on their impact on environmental disease. Eleven approaches were utilized; some were geostatistical interpolation, satellite-derived methods, and air dispersion and chemical transport models. The results had high similarities among the different approaches used, particularly those near PM2.5 monitors and in certain regions, but showed lower agreement at local spatial scales. However, health effects associations with PM2.5 were similar across the different estimation approaches, which indicates consistency in the impact on health outcomes related to environmental diseases. These findings highlight the importance of considering estimation methods in epidemiologic studies of the health effects of air pollution and the need for further research on other air pollutants.

 This study is related to environmental science because it investigates different methodologies for estimating particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations, which happens to be a key component of air pollution. By comparing the different techniques used to measure the matter, it aims to understand their impact on health outcomes associated with environmental diseases. The research highlights the importance of accurate estimation techniques on assessing the health effects of air pollution. It emphasizes the need to balance efficiency and resource funding concerns when selecting estimation methods in epidemiologic studies in environmental health research. Ultimately, this work helps our understanding of the correlations between environmental factors like air pollution and human health.